Seven Forks, One Quantum-Ready Chain
On Wednesday, the Ethereum Foundation revealed its most ambitious roadmap in years: a multi-year plan titled the “strawmap,” outlining seven network upgrades—known as hard forks—scheduled through 2029
The strawmap’s five primary goals are explicit: reduce Layer 1 transaction finality from today’s 16 minutes to single-digit seconds, boost Layer 1 throughput to roughly 10,000 transactions per second (TPS)—referred to as “gigagas” scale—and push Layer 2 throughput to an eye-popping 10 million TPS (“teragas” scale). In parallel, the roadmap aims to make Ethereum quantum-resistant and introduce built-in privacy features such as shielded ETH transfers. On paper, these targets are bold; in practice, they require sweeping changes across consensus, cryptography, and network architecture.
Seconds to Finality: The Race Begins
Currently, Ethereum users wait approximately 16 minutes for transaction finality—a guarantee that their transaction cannot be reversed. The strawmap seeks to compress this window dramatically: finality within eight seconds is the explicit target by 2029. This would represent a more than 100-fold reduction in confirmation time over the next three years. Achieving this will rely on a new consensus mechanism called Minimmit, which is designed to replace Ethereum’s existing system with a simpler and faster protocol.
Vitalik Buterin has emphasized that such a leap will be “very invasive,” requiring coordinated changes across multiple forks.
The roadmap, published by researcher Justin Drake and available at strawmap.org, details seven planned hard forks between now and 2029.
Slot times—the intervals at which new blocks are produced—are also set for incremental reductions. Today’s slot time stands at 12 seconds; under the strawmap, this will be trimmed stepwise: first to eight seconds, then six, four, and potentially down to just two seconds per block. Each reduction will be carefully evaluated for network safety before deployment. According to coindesk.com, Buterin described these slot reductions and finality improvements as “very important,” noting that they would fundamentally alter how quickly users can trust their transactions are settled.
Post-Quantum Signatures: What Changes
The looming threat of quantum computers capable of breaking today’s cryptography has pushed Ethereum’s researchers to prioritize post-quantum security in the strawmap. Future forks will transition Ethereum’s signature schemes from current elliptic curve systems to hash-based signatures believed to be resistant against quantum attacks. This shift is not merely theoretical; it is bundled with other major changes such as the new finality system.
Buterin has stated that these upgrades are intentionally grouped together due to their disruptive nature. The aim is clear: ensure that by the end of this seven-fork sequence—targeted for completion by 2029—Ethereum will have native defenses against quantum decryption threats while simultaneously achieving much faster transaction settlement.
Shielded ETH Transfers on the Horizon
Beyond speed and security, privacy emerges as a central pillar of the strawmap. Shielded ETH transfers—transactions where amounts and addresses are hidden from public view—are explicitly listed among the five main goals. While details remain technical and implementation timelines uncertain, integrating built-in privacy represents a major shift for Ethereum’s base layer. This would bring features typically reserved for privacy coins directly into mainstream smart contract infrastructure.
Vitalik’s Vision: Speed and Security
Vitalik Buterin has played an active role in shaping and communicating this roadmap. He has publicly discussed both the technical rationale behind reducing slot times (from 12 down to potentially two seconds) and the necessity of quantum-resistant signatures. Buterin also acknowledged trade-offs: while faster blocks improve user experience and enable higher throughput (up to 10 million TPS on Layer 2), they demand robust peer-to-peer upgrades so that nodes can share data efficiently without risking network instability.
The strawmap does not commit Ethereum developers or stakers to any single path; rather, it serves as a living document guiding discussions through seven forks over four years. Whether all milestones—from gigagas throughput to shielded transfers—can be achieved by 2029 remains uncertain. Yet with each fork scheduled roughly every six months until then, Ethereum’s pace of change is set for acceleration unmatched since its inception.
Key developments still ahead
If the Ethereum Foundation proceeds with its proposed cadence of one hard fork every six months through 2029, each fork will serve as a measurable checkpoint for implementing faster slot times, reduced finality, and post-quantum upgrades; however, whether these aggressive timelines and technical milestones can be met remains unclear and will depend on network safety assessments at each stage.
